Physics Electrostatics Potential & Capacitance Electric Field and Potential,Defference,Energy and Dipole Subjective Type
Published on: September 12, 2026

A molecule of a substance has permanent electric dipole moment equal to 10 –29 C-m. A mole of this substance is polarized (at low temperature) by applying a strong electrostatic field of magnitude (10 6 Vm –1 ). The direction of the field is suddenly changed by an angle of 60º. Estimate the heat released by the substance in aligning its dipoles along the new direction of the field. For simplicity, assume 100% polarization to the sample.

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Verified by Experts
The correct answer is:
A
Step 1: The energy needed to polarize a dipole in an electric field is given by the potential energy formula: \[ U = -\vec{p} \cdot \vec{E} \] where \( \vec{p} \) is the dipole moment and \( \vec{E} \) is the electric field. We can express this as: \[ U = -pE \cos(\theta) \] where \(\theta\) is the angle between the dipole moment and the electric field.

Step 2: Before the field direction changes, the energy is: \[ U_1 = -pE \cos(0) = -pE \]
Inserting the provided values: \( p = 10^{-29} \, \text{C m}, \, E = 10^6 \, ext{V/m} \):
\[ U_1 = -(10^{-29}) (10^6) = -10^{-23} \, ext{J} \]

Step 3: After the field direction changes to 60º, the energy becomes: \[ U_2 = -pE \cos(60º) = -pE \cdot \frac{1}{2} \]
Now calculate \( U_2 \):
\[ U_2 = -(10^{-29}) (10^6) \cdot \frac{1}{2} = -0.5 \times 10^{-23} \, ext{J} \]

Step 4: Now, calculate the heat released, which is the difference in energy: \[ Q = U_2 - U_1 = (-0.5 \times 10^{-23}) - (-10^{-23}) \]
Simplifying this: \[ Q = 0.5 \times 10^{-23} \, ext{J} \]

Step 5: Therefore, the heat released by the substance in aligning its dipoles along the new direction of the field is \( 0.5 \times 10^{-23} \, ext{J} \).
The answer fits into option A as a significant approximation.

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